法蘭克方言和盎格魯—薩克森語都是源自波羅的海沿岸地區的日耳曼語方言。古法語是日耳曼語法蘭克方言與拉丁語、原初高盧—羅曼語接觸而後形成的混合語言,九世紀來自北方的諾曼人佔領塞納河下游和科唐坦半島,帶來日耳曼語諾曼方言,高盧—諾曼語是一種長期經歷了語言接觸和語言融合的拉丁語化方言。十二世紀以後法蘭克王國北部出現多伊爾語,十五世紀多伊爾語擴展到法蘭西南部地區,南部、北部高盧—諾曼語諸方言的混合產生了中古法語,十六世紀法蘭西王國出現了早期現代法語。1066年諾曼第征服改變了英格蘭的社會文化、語言和文學,英格蘭開始多語言時期,而盎格魯—諾曼語成為宮廷語言和官方語言。拉丁語成為教會、教育的書面語言,盎格魯—薩克森語成為本土人的交流口語。盎格魯—諾曼語是古法語的一種方言。莎士比亞戲劇中,從《約翰王》到《理查三世》、《亨利八世》,包含一些法語詞語,法語語句,英語法語混合語句,甚至提出了國王英語、純正英語等早期現代英語的觀念,《李爾王》中的法蘭克國王是一種虛構的歷史假像。英格蘭約翰王到亨利六世、理查三世的時期,屬於法蘭西的多伊爾語、中古法語時期,亨利八世時期的法語屬於早期現代法語。但是在莎士比亞戲劇中沒有表現出不同時期的法語演變狀況,劇中作為外語的法語可能近似於十六世紀後期倫敦商人口中的法語,這是一種簡陋的、隨意的混合外語。作為明顯的口語法語,莎士比亞戲劇中的法語在拼讀上有較多的錯誤。

本文從漢字的起源和造字原理出發,分析漢字的結構特徵與基本的設計方法。立足於當代設計的語境,闡述基於電子計算機介入設計所帶來的技術革命,從而導致當代文字設計在理念與方法上之全新升級。同時使用這種理念與方法從形與意的結合、字形本身的塑造、字詞句的組合、文字與輔圖的結合等幾個方面對漢字設計的路徑進行探究與解析。

自〈通用數據保護條例〉（General Data Protection Regulation , GDPR）及〈施雷姆斯案〉（Schrems Ⅱ）生效後,寰球數據流動進入標準合同條款時代。促進內地與澳門特區的跨境數據傳輸,是建設「電子灣區」以及與葡語國家數字貿易港的應有之義。SCCs以其便捷性與實踐性,系現有法律工具箱中可推動先導性創新並打破制度壁壘的首善之選。「9+1」傳輸結構僅為起點,SCCs的規則銜接應指向「1+1+1」的制度未來。兩地合同條款在包括有關概念、適用前提、具體內容及程序等諸多方面存在差異。橫琴深合區具備頂層設計及「自下而上」的動態規範結構,在立法、行政、司法上保留著相當的制度彈性,為兩地的合同條款規則銜接提供試驗平台;其現有的體制改革經驗,如「一地兩檢」、法定機構的分工等,亦可作為SCCs系統協同的參考。在充分認識到兩地制度性差異的前提下,以粵澳深度合作區的制度創新為契機,可奠定標準合同條款基本原則與框架,消彌專業術語分歧,然後通過協議推出樣本合同,在執委會內設機構負責監督執行,從而構建「規則共商、平台共建、機構共管、成果共享」的聯動發展局面。如此可期實現對粵澳乃至區域信息產業與居民福利的提升,同時有效保障數字人權,為跨境數據流動提供帶有中國特色的「大灣區方案」。

From a black feminist perspective, especially Narayan’s theory on “epistemic privilege”, the paper examines the cross-racial female relation in Toni Morrison’s A Mercy, focusing on two pairs of friends - Lina and Rebekka, and Florens and Daughter Jane. In each relation, the two women, who are in different racial and class backgrounds but are both outcasts of the hierarchic society in the colonial new land, make an attempt to form a bond with each other. However, the relations head to opposite directions and end differently. The friendliness between Lina and Rebekka does not turn into a political solidarity because they are outsiders of the knowledge of “epistemic privilege” they respectively own, and their relation is greatly influenced by patriarchy and supremacy. On the contrary, Florens and Daughter Jane develop an interdependent and reciprocal relation as they bear witness to each other’s untold misery, which leads to their denial of being defined by the dominators and assimilated by supremacist notions. Their friendship bridges the racial differences, functioning as the healing power to help them seek for subjectivity and political solidarity against the same social oppression upon them. Through these two pairs of friends, Morrison illustrates the difficulty as well as the possibility of forming cross-racial sisterhood in slavery. The openness to the women of other races and the willingness of building connection with the other may not only give birth to a female community on the basis of equality and mutual benefits but also contribute to their personal growth and identity construction.

Literature on GM foods reports often examined article tones in general, omitting the differences in various social actors' attitudes. To explore such differences, we conducted a comparative framing analysis of news reports on genetically modified (GM) foods in the United States and China, two large markets of GM foods, to examine (1) the use of frames on GM foods; (2) who has more power in defining the risks of GM foods and (3) the tones towards GM foods of the sources in each country. We used both article and source assertion as the unit of analysis. By content analyzing 267 news articles on GM foods from 2014-2023, including 126 from the People’s Daily (PD) and 141 from the New York Times (NYT), we identified the frames, sources, and tones of each article. We also identified 1,496 source assertions to examine the tones of each source. Results showed PD used more treatment responsibility frame than NYT, while the latter used more conflict and causal responsibility frames than the former. While both publications primarily published neutral articles, NYT published more anti-GM food articles than PD. The NYT used a broader range of sources and more anti-GM food sources than PD, while PD cited more pro-GM food sources. The two newspapers both held neutral attitudes toward GM foods. By reporting both sides of the opinion on the issue, most news articles framed it as uncertain rather than having harm or benefit to human society, which may lead to public confusion about GM foods.

The meteoric rise of ChatGPT has ignited the so-called “chatbot tsunami,” propelling AI chatbots into the vanguard of technology research and development. This study conducts a comprehensive review of AI chatbot research from 2000 to 2023, harnessing bibliometric and content analysis methods facilitated by VOSviewer software. Quantitative and visual analyses of 1,236 relevant documents retrieved from the Web of Science in May 2023 unveil AI chatbots as an interdisciplinary research domain. The most influential authors are identified from three distinct fields: human-computer interaction, human-related, and computer-related research. Key research foci encompass AI technologies, digital health and education, conversational AI, COVID-19 applications, customer service, and sentiment analysis. Building upon the bibliometric findings, we delineate the developmental trajectory of AI chatbot research and propose a conceptual framework to guide future endeavors. Furthermore, we outline prospective research avenues for AI chatbots, including advancements in AI capabilities, optimization of human-computer interaction design, and fostering interdisciplinary synergies. This comprehensive review elucidates the AI chatbot research landscape, offering valuable insights to steer both academic pursuits and industrial applications in this burgeoning field.

金庸武俠作品在開啓中國故事本土化與國際化的敘事流動空間中,承載著豐富的中國故事,內嵌著獨特的武俠精神,以富有魅力的人物語言、高深莫測的中國功夫、生動立體的英雄形象將中國語言文化傳遞給世界。探尋金庸武俠作品如何從粵港澳大灣區出發,面向全球,成為世界理解中國的一扇窗。首先,立足國際中文傳播與國際中文教育研究交叉重疊的學術邏輯,釐清國際中文傳播視域下金庸武俠作品的理論背景與研究價值。其次,從「共賞：語言、文化、歷史、習俗的薈萃」「共情：英雄情結、俠義精神與文化內核」「共話：新秩序的追求與新世界的想象」等方面進行調查研究,深入挖掘金庸武俠作品的獨特人文內涵與跨文化溝通作用。最後,以文明互鑒為旨歸,探討國際中文傳播視域下運用金庸武俠作品進行國際中文教育的有效策略：在語言文化教學中促進跨文化理解、在文化交流實踐中增進文化符號解讀、在融媒體傳播中增強中華文化影響力,進而以金庸武俠作品為載體,建構一個國際中文傳播的「想象共同體」,探索推動國際中文傳播的實踐進路。

語氣詞「吧」一詞多能,屬於意義複雜的語法結構,其內部功能類型又存在較大的難度差異,在二語教學實踐中,往往進行無元語言規則講解的隱性教學。基於這一情況,本研究遵循Housen & Pierrard（2005）隱性教學的6個特徵,採用無元語言規則講解的隱性輸入教學方式對4名英語母語者被試進行為期半年的跟蹤實驗,實驗包括基於情景導向的主題訪談式隱性教學輸入和情景再現的自然對話測試。實驗結果表明：（1）以情景為導向的隱性教學對意義複雜的語氣詞「吧」的習得是有效的,「吧」的運用能力總體呈非線性提升;（2）不同水準的英語母語者隱性教學的效果存在差異性,隱性教學對語氣詞「吧」不同功能項的影響也具有選擇性。