Based on a summary of the history of language and cultural exchanges between China and Sudan, this paper analyzes the background of the development of International Chinese Language Education (ICLE) in Sudan from perspectives such as political mutual trust, economic and trade reciprocity, and diplomatic interaction. Then, it studies the current situation of ICLE from the viewpoint of Chinese educational institutions, primary education, and higher education. After that, it analyzes the challenges faced by the development of ICLE from viewpoints like military conflicts and a shortage of educational funds. At long last, it attempts to propose countermeasures and suggestions from the points such as teaching institutions and teaching channels. In Sudan, the education of Chinese for Specific Purposes (CSP) has demonstrated exceptional characteristics, a remarkable development history, and outstanding current and future trends. Examples include“Art Education + Chinese Language Teaching (CLT)”, “Medical Education + CLT”and “Vocational Training + CLT”, all of which have a relatively long history and a significant amount of potential for growth in the future.

Within the paradigm of concept-based language instruction, it's propounded that educators should underline not only the practicality of language usage but also the cognitive aspects of language to enhance the effectiveness of language instruction. The genesis and growth of teaching philosophies are driven by a mix of internal and external influences. Utilizing grounded theory, this research determines that individual impetuses, the practicalities of teaching, dynamic feedback, institution allure, and motivations for career development constitute the five primary elements that sway the evolution and crystallization of concept-based teaching philosophies. Together, these five elements and their thirteen secondary components mould the language teaching belief model. The development of this teaching belief ensues along a trajectory of ‘external stimulus-subjective experience-self-identification.' The particular attributes of concept-based language teaching beliefs are also brought to light in this paper.

The study is to focus on major factors that infl uence consumers in their impulsive buying behavior. This study aims to investigate whether such personal online fi nancial services will affect consumers' impulse buying intentions. This study is based on the consumer impulse buying model and studies the relationship between impulse buying intention and consumer self-efficacy and perceived value. The results showed that consumers who were more confident about their ability to use the " Ant Credit Pay " had a higher cognition of it, and were more likely to have impulse buying intention. Moreover, time pressure and the availability of money have an impact on the cognition of " Ant Credit Pay ", thus promoting the occurrence of impulse buying intention.

Currently, the global economy is grappling with novel challenges that traditional business growth models cannot sufficiently address for sustainable development. Employees, as crucial participants in production and operational activities, are fundamental to fostering innovation within teams and organizations. Therefore, studying employee innovative behavior is imperative. Innovative behavior, essentially an active trait, is primarily motivated by a proactive personality. This study aims to investigate the factors that encourage proactive personality, thriving at work, and innovative behavior. Utilizing structural equation modeling, data from 456 employees were meticulously gathered and analyzed. Findings reveal that employees with a higher degree of proactive personality are more likely to demonstrate innovative behaviors. Notably, thriving at work mediates the relationship between proactive personality and innovative behaviors. Furthermore, the study indicates that an innovative climate amplifies the positive impact of a proactive personality on thriving at work. In simpler terms, a more robust innovation climate bolsters the positive effects of a proactive personality. Lastly, the study discovered that an innovation climate positively affects the indirect influence of proactive personality on innovation behavior. When an organization has a stronger innovation climate, the mediating effect of individual thriving at work is enhanced. The paper concludes with a discussion on the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and offers directions for future research.

In the era of Web 2.0, user content generation (UGC) communities, such as Douyin, Xiaohongshu, Weibo, etc., continue to emerge with the development of network interaction technology. In the UGC community, users can share product experience and life experience by communicating with other users. At the same time, they can also collect the information they want to know. However, if some users do not actively participate in community content contribution and other activities, which could hinder the co-creation of user and community value, resulting in the gradual shrinking of the community resource pool and the gradual decline in user stickiness. Therefore, this study is based on motivation theory and social network theory to discuss how to improve users' willingness to participate in the UGC community. With centrality as the moderator variable and community belonging as the mediating variable, to explore the influencing factors of community user participation willingness, and to provide suggestions for the sustainable and good development of the UGC community.

Under the legal system of many countries represented by the United States, the main focus of discussion on same-sex marriage is the contradiction between it and religious freedom. People usually make a dualistic antagonism between the negative evaluation of homosexuality represented by Christianity and the appeal for equal rights of homosexuals, but in fact, there may not be a direct positive head-on confrontation between the two at least at the legal level. The protection of citizens'basic rights in the sense of constitution is mostly due to the resistance to the expansion of state public power. Whether it supports the same-sex marriage system or not, it needs to rely on the compulsory endorsement in the sense of national system construction. Therefore, how to shape the marriage on the premise that the value benchmark must be chosen at the national legislative and judicial levels, and how to deal with the protection of the rights of people who hold opposite moral concepts after such shaping is the core and key of the problem.

This paper presents an experimental phonetic study on the production of Mandarin lexical tones and disyllabic sequences containing the third tone by 12 intermediate-level Chinese learners from Laos. The monosyllabic experimental materials covered all the four lexical tones in Mandarin, with four words for each tone. In addition, eight groups of disyllabic sequences were designed to cover all scenarios where the third tone appears as either the first or second syllable, and within each group, both real words (existing words) and wug words (non-existing words formed by two real characters) were included. The results show that, although the Laotian intermediate-level Chinese learners had an overall narrower pitch range and an obviously shorter duration in the third tone compared to native Chinese students, they could generally grasp the contour of the four lexical tones and distinguish between the third tone and the second tone in the production of monosyllabic words. In the disyllabic sequences, most of the Laotian students could master the tone sandhi rules related to the third tone, but their accuracy in producing wug words was lower than that in producing real words. Specifically, the error rate was highest for the "third tone + third tone" combinations, with the first third tone often mispronounced as a half-third tone, and the second third tone often mispronounced as a high-rising tone. Among the three variants of the third tone, the half-third tone was the best acquired by the Laotian intermediate-level learners, followed by the full third tone, and finally the rising tone, indicating that the learners had not fully internalized the phonological knowledge related to the Mandarin third tone. By utilizing a wug test in the production experiment of disyllabic sequences, this study fills in the gap of research on Laotian intermediate-level Chinese learners' tonal acquisition and provides an in-depth examination of the production of the third tone and its related sandhi forms by this particular group of learners. The study comprehensively reveals the errors these learners make when producing the Mandarin third tone and its variants, offering a basis for teaching strategies for the third tone and its tone sandhi.

This paper examines the mechanism of role ambiguity and role conflict in the relationship between employee perceived ethical climate and their well-being in the workplace. The participants were randomly selected from some enterprises in mainland China. A total of 183 sets of valid questionnaires were collected. The survey results support the following hypotheses: 1a: There is a negative correlation between perceived ethical climate and employee role conflict; 1b: There is a negative correlation between perceived ethical climate and employee role ambiguity. 2a: Employee role ambiguity plays a mediating role between the perceived ethical climate and employee well-being; 2b: Employee role conflict plays a mediating role between employees' perceived ethical climate and employee well-being. Based on the results, the research suggests that enterprises should develop a high level of ethical climate to reduce employees’ role ambiguity and role conflict and increase employees well-being in the workplace.

The degree adverb "xiangdang" is derived from the adjective "xiangdang", and the boundary between the adverb and the adjective usage is still very vague due to its special grammaticalization development. The degree quantity in semantic content should be taken as the basis for judging the nature of word category when "xiangdang" modifies the noun. As long as it means "high degree", it should be judged as a degree adverb, and "xiangdang" bears the semantic function of the implicit positive modifier. "Xiangdang_adv" is still in the stage of transition from grammaticalized to more grammaticalized, so it has the descriptive personality function and the same general function as other degree adverbs. At the synchronic level, "xiangdang_adv" divides into "xiangdang_adv1" and "xiangdang_adv2".The former tends to combine with abstract nouns that express objective quantities such as "shuliang" and "guimo", forming a special "Degree adverb + Noun" structure.

The development of the discipline in patient safety is a common concern in the domain of patient safety worldwide. The “World Annual Summit on Patient Safety, Science and Technology” hosted by the Patient Safety Campaign Foundation in the United States since 2013 has provided a development framework for patient safety, known as “Patient Safety, Science, and Technology” (PS-ST). PS-ST emphasizes maintaining an open state of science and technology related to patient safety, in order to widely absorb the achievements of S&T and develop patient safety knowledge, and paying attention to the “practical and feasible patient safety solutions”, however, there seem to be some shortcomings. PS-ST has not formed its own complete theoretical system, and does not have a complete humanistic concept of patient safety. To become an independent and mature discipline in Health Science, there is still a long way . It is recommended to enrich and improve the discipline of patient safety according to the development concept of “Patient Safety Science & Technology and Humanities” (PSSTH), and to comprehensively construct the PSSTH knowledge system for building a safer health system and a highly reliable healthcare system. To fill the gap, China should develop her own theoretical system and produce textbooks in this field. PSSTH can not only better adapt the needs of China to cultivate “New Medical Science” talents who have a good grasp in “ Medicine, Engineering, Science and Literature”, to address the challenges of economic and social development, new technological revolution and new health risks, but also promote the high-quality development of public hospitals. Based on the understanding of the essence of patient safety and the need for comprehensive prevention and control of Patient Safety Events (PSIs), this article proposes and briefly discusses this viewpoint by using innovative thinking.

It is not sufficient for enterprises to implement low-cost strategies based solely on the internal resources’ optimization. In this connection, from the perspective of external supplier relationships, ABJ model and Weiss model are used to study the antecedents of enterprise cost stickiness, with a view to opening the “black box” of enterprise cost control. With reference to the sample of A-share listed enterprises from 2011 to 2019, it is found that supplier concentration is negatively correlated with cost stickiness, and that the capability of managers enhances the relationship between the supplier concentration and cost stickiness. Furthermore, the degree of supplier fluctuation is positively correlated with enterprise cost stickiness, but the capability of managers can inhibit the impact of the supplier fluctuation on cost stickiness. Based on the research findings, it is proposed that enterprise cost control should start from both internal management and external supplier relationships, and competition between enterprises has expanded to the supply chain level. The capability of managers exists and is effective in the competition at the supply chain level, as it will help enterprises adjust the impact of external supplier relationships on internal cost stickines.

Influenza is a common respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, and each outbreak can result in a large number of infections and deaths worldwide. Predicting the dynamics of influenza outbreaks could be useful for decision-making regarding the allocation of public health resources. Due to the rapid advancement of science and technology in recent years, significant improvements have been made in influenza early warning and prediction, and the original systems have been improved and diversified. In this review, we gather several common influenza prediction systems and early warning methods, as well as some strategies to minimize prediction errors. In addition, we discuss the various data sources and collect the prediction situation on local, regional, national, or global level. Last but not least, we summarized the accuracy and advantages and disadvantages of various prediction methods.

In the 50 years between 1970 and 2020, with Macau, Taipa and Coloane connected and accessible as one area, Macau’s economy swiftly grew and fl ourished, thus lending impetus to Macau and pushing it towards modernization. Ka Ho village is situated in the isolated north east corner of Coloane and, along the way of the modernization of the Macau peninsula, Ka Ho was also being pulled into this process. Before the 70s, it was simply a site for the leprosy colony; in the 70s and 90s, major infrastructure for electricity, fuel and container port was built in Ka Ho, and roads were constructed for ease of accessibility. In the 90s and after, as Ka Ho began to attract attention and recognition for its own cultural merits as well as its natural environment; modernization in Ka Ho entered a new era of self-consciousness and collaboration. As Ka Ho was initially just being pulled onto the modernization wagon, the development of Ka Ho proceeded at a rather slow pace and the participation of the villagers in the modernization process was simply insuffi cient. However, this slow pace did benefi t Ka Ho in that the local natural environment, the culture and traditions of the local Hakka and part of the older architectures were left intact. To navigate successfully further down the road of modernization for Ka Ho would require collaboration of both the Macau government and the locals in fostering this unique Hakka heritage that is an inherent part of the area, thus cementing Ka Ho as an important element in this multi-cultural global tourism and leisure centre that is Macau.

Using a psychological experimental paradigm of cross-linguistic repetition priming, the present study examines the semantic access mechanism of Russian-English-Chinese trilingual students with different levels of L3 Chinese and the significant priming effects found in all cases. The results show that: (1) for those who are proficient in both L2 and L3, the semantic access to L3 Chinese lexicon is facilitated by L2 English but not by L1 Russian; (2) for those who are proficient in L2 but not in L3, the semantic access to L3 Chinese lexicon is facilitated by L2 English, while L1 Russian plays an inhibitory role; (3) in addition to language proficiency, trilingual semantic access is also influenced by cross-language factors such as language distance, language status, and recency of use.

Film is a medium for spreading cultural heritage and a carrier for its living preservation, which helps to maintain the vitality of cultural legacy. The first local film in Macao, The Bewitching Braids, not only presents Macao’s World Cultural Heritage--the Historic Centre of Macao, but also reflects Macao’s intangible cultural heritage such as religious beliefs, festive rituals and local dialects, making it an important visual archive for the study of Macao’s history and culture. Taking The Bewitching Braids as the research text, based on Roland Barthes’ theory of image rhetoric, this paper analyzes the embodiment of Macao’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage elements and symbols in the film’s linguistic message layer and the denoted image layer, as well as their connoted roles in shaping the characters, promoting the plot, and expressing the theme of the film, so as to explore how to tell the cultural heritage stories through film.

In Macao, a small city with over 400 years of East-West cultural fusion and coexistence of multiple beliefs, the cultural heritage has also a long and rich history. The Historic District of Macao where Chinese and western buildings complement each other, constitutes a unique cultural landscape of Macao. The rich and colorful intangible cultural heritage of Macao has witnessed the cultural tradition handed down by the Macao people from generation to generation. The preservation, research and development of Macao’s cultural heritage will help promote Macao’s cultural tourism industry and enhance the city’s popularity as well as international influence, and film plays a significant role in inheriting and protecting Macao’s cultural heritage and promoting the city’s image. This paper first discusses the relationship between film and Macao's cultural heritage from the perspective of media geography, then points out the specific measures for the preservation and development of Macao's cultural heritage through film, and finally proposes strategies and suggestions from the perspective of media geography to address the existing problems.

It is diffi cult in determination of self-defense that Whether the defenders have the duty of retreat in the face of the unlawful infringement which can be avoided. The continental theory stands that defenders do not have to retreat, and China takes a similar position. In the history of Anglo-American law, the principle was the obligation of affi rmative withdrawal. The SYG bill passed by several U.S. states since 2005 totally denies the retreat duty in defense, but the SYG bill faces controversy due to the 2013 trial of Trayvon Martin in Virginia. Based on the social effect of case law, the American academic research on the duty of retreat in self-defense is to investigate the infl uence of different positions on social security. In our judicial practice, self-defense has a results-only situation, which limits the authorized defense right. However, the recognition of self-defense should not be overcorrected and go to the other extreme. The defender who uses the fatal defense means should be obliged to retreat. Under the premise of the possibility of retreat, the principle of balancing and proportion of legal interests restricts the establishment of self-defense.

Abstract: The global obesity issue is progressively worsening, becoming a significant public health challenge. According to statistics, the global obesity population continues to increase, surpassing 30% of the total population, with China's obesity figures also rapidly escalating, exceeding 50% of adults being diagnosed as overweight or obese. Obesity not only affects individual health but also closely associates with various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, imposing a substantial burden on society and economy. Currently, there exists a variety of methods to address obesity, including dietary control, physical activity, pharmaceutical interventions, and surgical treatments. However, among these approaches, bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS) has been proven to be one of the most effective methods, particularly for patients with obesity-related comorbidities, showcasing more significant results. This trend has given rise to the development of metabolic surgery in the context of obesity. China, being one of the nations most severely affected by the obesity issue, has witnessed over two decades of development in the field of metabolic and bariatric surgery. At present, this field is experiencing a phase of rapid expansion. This paper provides an overview of the background and concept of metabolic and bariatric surgery in China, reviews the historical progression and development of this field, including various surgical techniques and technological breakthroughs. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and opportunities faced by metabolic and bariatric surgery in China and presents recommendations for its future advancement.

Macao has been producing and publishing comprehensive localized teaching materials in Portuguese and Chinese (Putonghua) since the 1980s. Based on the third space theory, the researcher explores the commonalities and differences in the cultural genre penetration and spatial presentation of Portuguese and Chinese teaching materials in Macao, and attempts to explore the paths of third space creation and mutual appreciation of Portuguese and Chinese localized teaching materials in Macao. Researcher selected Portuguese-language textbooks Passo a passo...EM PORTUGUÊS (IPOR, 2010) and Português Global (Instituto Politécnico de Macau, 2011), while the Chinese language textbooks Putonghua Textbook (Gabinete da Educação e Assuntos da Juventude, 2010) and A Course in International Chinese (Macao Polytechnic Institute, 2020) as typical samples to analyse and interpret. The results of the study show that: 1) the localised textbooks as a whole present a turn towards ethnorelativism and multiculturalism in the third space model by guiding the initial reshaping of a passive worldview and the horizontal juxtaposition of multicultural facts; 2) the role of the textbooks towards the third space model: The selection of material is presented through the overlap of two cultural spaces and the combination of the everyday and the situational, positioning the role of the "teacher's guide" . The selection of materials promotes the role of "pedagogical collaborator" by actively stepping out of the constraints of the first space, correcting the stereotypes of the second space and drawing a third cultural picture. 3) Based on the commonality of spatial presentation, Passo highlights the natural transition between the two cultures through the co-presentation and alternation of characters and scenes in the first and second spaces. A Course in International Chinese 's use of topic contemporaneity to guide learners to actively explore the advantages of negotiation between spaces is evident. Portuguese Global guides learners to explore the "cultural interface" and construct a third identity by creating two spatially permeable pathways of "intercultural interlocutors" and "intercultural content". Putonghua Textbook are constructed in an immersive first space element with conversational discourse, practice of local features, and life situations questions, which is worthy of study in other textbooks. To sum up, exploring the localized creation of third spaces in different language materials in the same region can further explore the value of writing materials for mutual learning and appreciation.

The study of the perceived effectiveness of privacy policy effectiveness on customer trust aims to help those privacy policy providers improve the transparency of mobile payment and customer privacy protection. Based on the cognitive appraisal theory, we propose a research model of how the perceived effectiveness of privacy policy effectiveness influences customer trust has been proposed. And Furthermore, quantitative analysis has been employed to test the research hypotheses developed from this research work. through quantitative analysis. The results showed that through the dual-path mediation of privacy risk perception and privacy security perception, the perceived effectiveness of privacy policy effectiveness positively affects privacy awareness, and influences customer trust. This research provides a new research perspective in theoretical research by using cognitive appraisal theory to explain how perceived privacy policy can enhance customer trust; in practice, the findings suggest service providers enhance their privacy policy disclosure to retrieve consistency between permission requirements and protection measures for reducing privacy risk and improving privacy security, thereby enhancing trust of consumers in mobile payment.

In recent years, China has implemented national wide policy to promote the inclusive fi nancial (IF) services. Such promotion policy is a key measure to help the rural people to alleviate poverty and increase income. Further the policy provides strong support for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. First, this study applies a fi xed effect model to test whether the development of inclusive fi nance can increase the rural residents’ income, by analyzing the panel data of 31 provinces from 2011 to 2018. Second, this study further investigates whether “Inclusive Finance Development Plan (2016-2020) ”and the subsequent measures can strengthen the role of inclusive fi nance in promoting rural residents’ income. Last, this study investigates whether economic development can alter the relationship between the development of inclusive fi nance and the income of rural residents. Evidence suggests that the national promoting policy has signifi cantly strengthened the impact of inclusive fi nance on improving rural area income. Also the development of inclusive fi nance has a stronger impact on rural residents’s income in the lower economic development areas than that in the higher economic development areas. Further robustness check on the conclusion is conducted via quantile regression.

According to the 「Outline Development Plan for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area」, the relationship between Macao, Hong Kong and Guangdong Province is becoming closer and closer, and Macao SAR should integrate into the overall development of the country. Due to the special industrial structure and geographical location, the crime of cross-border money laundering in Macao SAR is very widespread, so the criminal judicial assistance has also been put on the agenda. The article will start from the legislative evolution and judicial status of money laundering in Macao and its neighboring areas, analyze the principles involved in the controversial issues in the process of exploring the dilemma of criminal judicial assistance, and demonstrate the feasibility of criminal judicial assistance in the context of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao from three dimensions of constitutional basis, existing legislative, legal basis and practical basis. Finally, on the premise of adhering to the principle of sovereignty and mutual respect, through expanding the case investigation system, strengthening the inter regional police cooperation and exchange mechanism, and promoting the signing of criminal judicial assistance agreements between different regions, we can seek to form a new mode of criminal judicial assistance in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao under the 「one country, two systems」.

This study uses the survey method and combines proxy efficacy and government trust, with aim to explore the social and cognitive factors that affect the COVID-19 vaccination intention of young people in Macao SAR based on the health belief model (HBM). The results show that perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and cues to actions are positively related to the COVID-19 vaccination intentions, while perceived severity and perceived barriers are negatively related to the COVID-19 vaccination intention. Additionally, this study finds that government trust as a moderating variable facilitates the positive effect of perceived susceptibility meanwhile weakens the negative effect of perceived severity on the COVID-19 vaccination intention; and that proxy efficacy suppresses the negative effect of perceived severity on the COVID-19 vaccination intentions.

To investigate current status of the cultural literacy level of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) health among college students majoring in medical and healthcare in the Zhuhai and Macau, the results of the survey can provide evidence for the government to formulate appropriate policies, and promote the development of Chinese medicine talents in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area. Stratified cluster sampling was used to sample college students, and the data were analyzed by Χ²-test test and Logistic regression. A total of 964 questionnaires and 927 valid questionnaires were obtained. The overall level of health literacy of the sample population was 31.1%, the five-dimensional literacy level, from high to low, is healthy lifestyle literacy, cultural knowledge literacy, basic concept literacy, information comprehension ability, public appropriate methods literacy. There were significant differences between the literacy level of the students and the analysis results of their domicile, grade and major (P <0.05). The overall level of health cultural literacy among college students in Zhuhai and Macau is higher than that of national residents, but the scores in all dimensions are uneven. Domicile, grade and major are the factors that affect the level of dimensions of literacy. The colleges in Zhuhai and Macau should emphasize the importance of TCM health cultural literacy education and further improve the level of TCM health cultural literacy of students in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area.

To promote economic transition and development, tax cut and fee reduction are essential policies implemented by State Council and regional governments. Consequently, the effects of such tax incentives are worth of being explored. Based on a sample of listed A-share firms from 2010 to 2019 in China, we investigate how the R&D expenses additional deduction policy plays a role in R&D manipulation and then the related economic consequences. It is found that the professionality and complexity of R&D investment may facilitate R&D manipulations and the enforcement of tax authorities can restrain it in turn. Meanwhile, R&D manipulations can be used to mask manager's opportunistic and self-dealing incentives and then achieve high level of corporate tax avoidance which will increase tax and operation risks. Besides, we also provide several suggestions on implementations of R&D expenses additional deduction to policy makers.

There are many problems in teaching Chinese as a foreign language, such as unclear identification of teaching content, unclear teaching objectives, unclear teaching objects, non-standard teaching difficulty and poor teaching effect. Based on the concept-based instruction and design which is widely used in the International Baccalaureate curriculum as one of the six major approach to teaching, this paper will adopt the viewpoint of Mei Lichong (1994), which divided the culture teaching contents of TCFL into declarative and procedural knowledge to set up “concept, knowledge, skill” three-dimensional structure of culture instruction and design of TCFL. It contains two sub-structures: the structure of knowledge: cultural concept, cultural theme, cultural knowledge, and the structure of process: cultural concept, cultural process, cultural strategy/skill. The concept-based instruction and design, proposing the KUD model, making the curriculum from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, will greatly promote the students' deep understanding, make students go from cultural crossing to cultural transcendence in cross-cultural communication, and improve the discipline literacy in second language learning.

The market integration of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area needs to strengthen the use of soft law governance. Soft law governance is between hard law governance and non-legal governance. The unique role of soft law makes it suitable to govern the coexistence of the three jurisdictions in the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. It is beneficial for institutional innovation and pioneering in the Greater Bay Area and to carry out consultative governance and democratic and scientific institutional decision-making. If cooperation and related agreement of the public sector around the integrated development constitute a code of conduct with binding force, they can be considered soft law norms. Establishing joint management institutions is an important way to improve market integration, among which joint management institutions in the sense of soft law are more advantageous in some cases. The market integration of the Greater Bay Area requires various parties to participate in the co-governance, and the participation of private forces requires the guidance, support or participation of the public sector. Mutual trust is the foundation of soft law governance, which needs to be continuously strengthened.

Cervical cancer and HPV-related diseases can be effectively prevented through HPV vaccination. Yet, in mainland China, there is limited understanding of the associated factors among young people who are at the optimal age for HPV vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the HPV-related knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to vaccinate among this population, analyze associated factors, and provide a basis for primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies. We performed a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, recruiting 892 participants. Of these, 86.7% had heard of the HPV vaccine, and 83.3% reported their willingness to receive the HPV vaccination. Our findings suggest that the most crucial factor influencing vaccine uptake is females who had heard of the HPV vaccine, believed in their ability to self-determine vaccination, encouraged their sexual partners to get vaccinated, and were in favor of incorporating the vaccine into routine vaccinations. In conclusion, despite high willingness, Guangzhou university students have a low actual HPV vaccination rate, with internet and social media being the main, yet insufficient, sources of HPV knowledge. Enhancing vaccination coverage in China requires boosted awareness, cost regulation, and national campaign implementation.

Practicalness is an important characteristic of the discipline of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (TCSOL) and it is fully embodied in the syllabus of the Ed.D Program in TCSOL. Using practicalness as a reference, the article looks into the syllabi and courses of the Ed.D Programs in Applied Linguistics and TESOL in three American and British universities, finding that the professional orientation for these professional degrees is implemented in orientedness toward learners, classrooms and learning environments. The author argues that practicalness and orientedness are both embodiments of professional orientation and that academic training which is oriented toward practice is important in training professionals in TCSOL.

As globalization continues to develop, second language learning and multilingualism have become increasingly common. As a result, the study of third language acquisition has gained attention. This study explores the process of word order acquisition and language transfer among Thai L1, English L2, and Chinese L3 learners, using Chinese word order acquisition as a starting point. Based on theoretical findings from previous studies on third language acquisition, the study found that Thai learners made different transfer choices at different levels and in linguistic elements, based on their perception of language distance. These choices showed non-unitary sources and directions of transfer in terms of language order and vocabulary. The mechanism of their choices depended on reducing cognitive difficulties in third language acquisition and enhancing learning effectiveness. At the level of Chinese word order acquisition, L1 (Thai) transfer was dominant, and learners showed an overall resistance to L2 (English) transfer. However, L2 (English) did have an effect on the acquisition of L3 (Chinese), mainly at the lexical level. Additionally, learners' language learning experiences and methods accumulated in L2 (English) or L3 (Chinese) facilitated the development of their meta-linguistic awareness, which had a positive effect on the development of multilingual competence.

The center of the third storey of the façade of Macao’s Church of Saint Paul is the niche of the Virgin Mary, the mother of God as well as the patron of the church. The bronze statue enshrined in the niche is widely believed to be the image of the Assumption of Our Lady, because the church was originally built for the Assumption of Mary, and the main altar corresponding to the surviving frontispiece or façade of the church is also decorated with a work by the Jesuit painter Giacomo Niva, namely The Assumption of Our Blessed Lady. This article investigates this image of the Virgin Mary from the perspective of literature research and iconology and believes that it actually depicts the Virgin’s Conception, because the posture and demeanor of Mary are in line with the description in the “Revelation” Chapter from the Holy Bible. Besides, most of the contemporaneous images of Our Lady’s ascent and conception also supports the scene of this statue. But it neither contradicts the original design concept of the church, that is, celebrating the Assumption of the Virgin nor being inconsistent with the main altar decoration. On the contrary, the church creates and commemorates this Host who connects the earthly world and the celestial world with different motifs of Madre de Deus to enlighten the world.

Lung cancer treatment has been revolutionized by the discovery of somatic mutations in epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and the development of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, in most cases, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who are treated with gefitinib eventually develop resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (A. vera) extract combined with gefitinib on gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines. The cytotoxicity assay showed that there was a minimal inhibitory effect of A. vera on cell proliferation in A549, PC-9, and H1975 cells, while the combined use of A. vera and gefitinib resulted in a significant inhibitory effect on cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, compared to other cell lines, H1975 proliferation was inhibited by the combined treatment more effectively. The IC50 values at 24 h decreased from 37.92 ± 1.19 to 20.09 ± 1.03 μM for H1975 cells. As a result of the combined treatment of A. vera and gefitinib, the migration ability of H1975 cells was decreased compared with that of the gefitinib group. Moreover, A. vera significantly increased the gefitinib-induced apoptosis in H1975 cells and the combination treatment induced G2/M phase arrest in H1975 cells. Furthermore, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited in H1975 cells of the high-concentration combination group, suggesting that A. vera is a potential anticancer therapeutic adjuvant for gefitinib-resistant NSCLC with the EGFR-T790M mutation.

Students’ motivation in learning English in class is not static but dynamic and multidimensional. This has been recognized by more and more researchers, but studies of this phenomenon are still in early stage. Besides, researches on Macau local university students’ (non-English majors) learning motivation in English class on the basis of Dynamic Systems Theory have not been found. In order to explore the features of these students’ learning motivation in English class, and find out the factors that influence their English learning, a case study is conducted to investigate the change of students’ motivation in learning English in the classroom context. It reveals that under the influence of different situational contexts and external factors, the change of students’ motivation in learning English shows individual differences, while at the same time follows some certain patterns - the attractor state. These findings may be beneficial to English teaching and learning in Macau universities, helping teachers better motivate Macau local students to learn English in class.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people's livelihoods and economies have been significantly impacted, necessitating targeted economic assistance from governments. However, appropriate legal classifications and constraint standards remain contentious. Examining the economic aid in the Macau Special Administrative Region reveals that theories like social assistance and administrative compensation are insufficient. New theoretical models accounting for infectious disease outbreaks should be employed to establish a solid legal foundation. Developing principle-based standards requires optimizing the social assistance model, enhancing decision-making in universal assistance selection, and fostering progressive principles. Concurrently, a framework centered on economic regulation, while incorporating social assistance, should be constructed. This approach ensures comprehensive macro-level coverage and delivers targeted, equitable aid at the micro-level.

In the existing research, there is little discussion about the additional features of mobile banking products or the impact of complex product information on users. The additional features of these products not only bring many conveniences, but also some contradictions, such as interfering with the convenience of the main function of the application, too many prompt tones or prompt messages, etc. Therefore, by studying a group of relative concepts, namely gratitude and tiredness, this paper investigates the impact of additional features of products on mobile banking, and studies the utilitarian value, hedonic value and fit of mobile banking, so as to obtain the attitude and behavior of customers. In November 2020, our study took the customers of a large Chinese banks as the research object, sent out online questionnaires, and collected 430 valid questionnaires. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling, PLSSEM method, the following conclusions were drawn: Overall, users are interested in the additional features of the product. Additional features can lead to emotional judgment. When online banking users get more information from additional features of products, they can feel grateful. In addition, the more information the additional features provide, the less tired the users are. The contribution of the paper is that it uses the index of overall fit, comprehensively evaluates the relevant impact of functional fit and lifestyle fit in existing literature, which has theoretical and practical significance.

This research empirically investigated the gender differences in consumers’ evaluations of product function when the products use ingredient branding strategy while the branded ingredients do not have prior awareness and associations. By using two product categories as stimuli (outdoor functional clothing and insulated tumbler), the results of study 1 and 2 indicate that when the ingredient brand name is fictitious but meaningful, female consumers evaluate the product function more positively than that of male consumers and that of product without branded ingredient. However, in terms of evaluations on product styles, male and female consumers show no significant difference when there is ingredient brand or not. The results of study 3 reveals even when the name of ingredient brand is not suggestive, ingredient branding strategy is still effective for female consumers, and this effect is mediated by consumers’ perception of cue diagnosticity.

A company is a significant business organizational form characterized by its independent legal personality. During its formative, pre-incorporation phase, the promoter carries out essential preparatory tasks, including contract agreements. This research scrutinizes the legal norms and liabilities relating to a promoter's contractual conduct from the departmental law's internal viewpoint, while applying identity theory from the sociology of law's external perspective to interpret such conduct. The study underscores role identity, role expectation, and commitment as critical connectors between the individual promoter and society. It also highlights the anticipatory role of law and the importance of specific norms in shaping the promoter's contractual liability, thereby establishing a paradigm from identification to action. The paper further deliberates on the theoretical and practical relevance of encouraging entrepreneurship, upholding fairness, and mitigating disputes during the company's formative phase.

The theatre space of Macau Cantonese Opera has undergone four transformations, each of which is connected with specific environmental factors and historical connotations. The first time was in the period of "Straw Shack". As a part of the ritual, the Cantonese Opera Theatre embodied the intermediary blending and self-identity of the Chinese society and national culture in Macau in the threshold area. The second is the period of Zhishiban and Anti-Japanese War. The theatre space changed from theatricality to presupposed presence, reflecting the national consciousness in the historical process. The third is the theatre period. The marketability of citizens'cultural consumption determines the professionalization and prosperity of Cantonese opera, which is the concentrated reflection of the theatricality of Cantonese opera. The fourth time is the transformation of theatre space from professionalism to amateurism of Macau Cantonese Opera, which reflects the internal relationship between Macau Cantonese Opera and the public domain of capital civil society..

The continuous popularization of e-commerce platforms means, impulse purchasing is becoming a more common occurrence. From the perspective of satisfaction with impulse purchasing in the context of online shopping, this article explores the impact of individual characteristics on online impulse purchasing, and whether online impulse purchasing can affect consumer satisfaction through disconfirmation. Studies have shown that online impulse purchasing has a significant negative impact on disapproval and consumer satisfaction, therefore, these conclusions can be used for marketing practitioners of the e-commerce marketplace and researchers on consumers' impulsiveness as a guiding value.

To explore the influence of teacher-student relationship conflict on university teachers' job burnout, this research verifies a moderated mediating model through the mediating role of perceived control and the moderating role of political skills. The data were collected from 10 universities in China, and the hypotheses were tested on 346 available samples. The results showed that the teacher-student relationship conflict caused a low perceived control of teachers, which led to job burnout; teachers' political skills not only moderated the negative relationship between teacher-student relationship conflict and the perceived control but also moderated teacher-student relationship conflict and job burnout through the perceived control. This empirical study reveals the influence mechanism and boundary conditions of teacher-student relationship conflict to provide valuable insights and enriches the theoretical basis for the antecedents of university teachers' job burnout.