In modern society, travel and video games serve as important means for alleviating life stress. This study aims to explore whether players' gaming experiences can transcend virtual boundaries and extend into the real world, thereby triggering travel intentions to visit the real-world prototypes of game settings. Taking the phenomenal game Black Myth: Wukong as the research object, this game not only draws inspiration from the natural landscapes of multiple Chinese provinces, but also deeply integrates elements of traditional Chinese culture into its game design. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theoretical framework, this study systematically examines the influence mechanisms of spatial presence and social presence as stimulus variables, and cognitive image and affective image as mediating variables, on players' travel intentions. Analysis of 459 valid questionnaires revealed that presence positively influences players' cognitive and affective images, with cognitive image significantly driving travel intention. This study not only verifies the intrinsic mechanisms through which video games enhance tourism intent, but also provides crucial insights for the development of various cultural IP tourism initiatives. The findings offer empirical support for destination marketing strategies while proposing concrete pathways for cross-sector collaboration between game companies and tourism authorities, thereby providing universal guidance for deepening the integration of digital entertainment with the real economy.

The imminence and necessity requirements are common conundrums in the adjudication of self-defense, both of which are prominently manifested in the context of defense within dwellings. The Castle Doctrine is a doctrinal achievement that addresses these two issues. Originating from the Anglo-American legal system, the Castle Doctrine had the broadest defensive right in the common law period, but was progressively limited in the statute period, yet both phases pertain to the interpretation of criminal law rather than its amendment. The Castle Doctrine is also reflected in the cases in China, and while drawing from it, we should distill indigenous expressions within the context of Chinese law. In terms of legal doctrines, the “reasonable belief” of the Castle Doctrine is equivalent to the “ordinary person standard” in China. In specific application, the imminence requirement for self-defense is satisfied upon an illegal entry into the dwelling, while the necessity requirement for the use of deadly force is met when the occupants' personal safety is threatened with serious violence.

Teacher's identity is the core and important driving force in teacher's professional development. Employing a narrative inquiry approach, and drawing on reflective journals, classroom observations, and in-depth interviews, this study explores the trajectory of identity transformation experienced by an international Chinese teacher within the multilingual-teaching-reform virtual teaching-research community. It is found that teacher identity changes from marginal participants to active participants, from theoretical adherents to theory-informed practitioners, from skilled teachers to teaching researchers. The construction of teacher identity was shaped by teachers' development needs and agency, the environment of virtual teaching-research community, and the interaction between teaching theory and practice. The conclusions of the study offer insights for the construction of virtual teaching-research community and for the professional development of international Chinese language teachers.

To date, research on second language reading ability has predominantly employed qualitative analysis methods, with relatively insufficient attention to quantitative analysis. This study establishes a descriptor corpus based on nine domestic and international language proficiency standards. Through term frequency statistics, n-gram extraction, and word position analysis, we reveal the characteristics of the descriptor corpus and construct a fundamental framework for second language reading ability. The framework comprises 6 dimensions with 83 indicators: scope of reading materials, range of topics, cognitive level, linguistic elements, reading speed, and degree of comprehension. The construction of this second language reading ability framework yields three key insights: emphasizing the description of learners' cognitive levels, prioritizing the specification of linguistic element scopes, and enhancing quantitative and level-based descriptions in reading ability descriptors. This study actively explores the application of language information processing techniques in the development of standards for International Chinese Language Education, offering new perspectives for research on various standards in this field.

Contemporary cross-media Intellectual Property (IP)-based creative practices have posed significant challenges to traditional paradigms of literary criticism, chiefly because IP creation links textual works with commercial product chains, thereby requiring criticism to confront non-textual yet literature-related creative outputs. In response to these new forms of criticism, non-textual phenomena may be reconceptualized as forms of narrative phenomena that remain semantically affiliated with the textual work. This non-textual narrative phenomenon may be interpreted through the concept of “narrative performance”. However, the concept only summarizes the non-textual narrative of a single segment within an IP production chain. A comprehensive understanding of the entire chain necessitates the perspective of “narrative event combination”, which integrates non-textual narrative processes with textual creation. Building upon this framework, this article proposes the notion of Dynamic Narrative Aesthetic. This idea not only constitutes a critical response to IP literature creation, but also offers a forward-looking reflection on AI-generated art as an emergent technological and aesthetic trend.

This paper explores the issue of developing countries catching up with developed nations. It points out that most developing countries have fallen into the poverty trap or middle-income trap since World War II due to the influence of mainstream theories such as structuralism and neo-liberalism, while some East Asian economies and China have achieved rapid development. The paper proposes the theory of New Structural Economics, emphasizing that economic structure is endogenous to factor endowment structure. Development should follow comparative advantages, requiring the coordination of an effective market and a proactive government, supplemented by appropriate industrial policies. This theory not only explains the failure of previous mainstream development ideas but also aligns with the common characteristics of successful economies, providing new theoretical guidance and practical paths for developing countries to achieve sustainable growth and catch-up by leveraging their own endowments and latecomer advantages.

The May Poetry Society is the first literary group in Macau to actively champion modernism, disseminate modern poetic theories, and promote the practice of modernist composition. When reflecting on the historical position of the May Poetry Society, discussions often focus on its role in introducing and disseminating modernist trends, while rarely delving deep into how its members, who carried different cultural backgrounds, incorporated their unique poetic pursuits into a shared literary ideal. The members of the May Poetry Society often wandered between “encouraging creativity” and “pursuing avant-garde”. Although caught in this paradox, they remained unshaken due to their passionate pursuit towards Macau's literary image. Through the efforts of the May Poetry Society, the “City of Poetry” gradually took shape. By describing the literary practices of the May Poetry Society, this article seeks to highlight the overlooked aspects of the modernist poetry movement in Macau.

Before the mid-20th century, the Macao Peninsula faced a scarcity of freshwater resources, making wells the core infrastructure that sustained the functioning of society and influenced the urban industrial layout and community patterns of Macao. This article elucidates the reliance on wells in certain social and civil industries, such as the water-carrying vendors, tea houses and eateries, slaughterhouses, and laundry services. It also illustrates that wells were not only a source of daily water for the populace at the time but also the foundational guarantee for the social and industrial development of the Macao Peninsula during the pre-industrialization period. The traditional well system in Macao underwent a triple value transformation, evolving from a means of livelihood to a factor of production, and ultimately into a cultural symbol. This approach to sustainable utilization of historical spaces through functional repurposing rather than simple preservation can serve as a paradigm for the conservation of cultural industrial heritage in micro-cities.

The Historic Centre of Macao bears the imprint of over four centuries of cultural exchange between China and foreign nations. Its linguistic landscape, blending historical and contemporary multicultural connotations, holds significant and unique value as a sample. This study employed fieldwork methods to collect 160 signage samples across five sampling sites within the Historic Centre of Macao. Utilizing the entity dimension of the three-dimensional analysis model, the study described and analyzed the code distribution patterns, variations across sampling sites, and contrasts between official and unofficial signage within the language landscape of the Historic Centre of Macao. Furthermore, the study examined code usage patterns within the language landscape through the lens of place semiotics theory. The findings reveal that the current linguistic landscape of the Historic Centre of Macao is characterized by a salient multilingual profile, with Chinese as the primary dominant code, while maintaining the Sino-Portuguese bilingual policy, making Portuguese a mandatory code. To align with English’s status as an international lingua franca, the linguistic landscape of Macao’s Historic Centre primarily employs English as the main auxiliary code alongside Chinese and Portuguese, with Japanese serving as a secondary auxiliary East Asian code. The researcher also identified a small number of Latin samples during the investigation, representing the lowest proportion of the total sample. Regarding code placement, Chinese consistently serves as the most salient code on signage, with the multilingual code hierarchy being: Chinese, Portuguese, English, Japanese, Latin. Techniques such as “vertical placement with font variation”, “vertical placement with font variation and cultural information”, and “horizontal placement with directional variation” are employed to reinforce the prominence of salient codes spatially, visually, and conceptually. The historical layers of the linguistic landscape in the Historic Centre of Macao are profoundly rich, densely reflecting nearly five centuries of temporal elements within a limited spatial scope. It achieves a linguistic landscape characterized by the continuous dialogue between history and the contemporary, as well as the diverse yet mutually integrated cultural origins, thereby realizing a culturally inscribed narrative brought about by high space-time cohesion.

As centers of economic activity, cities face pressures from population growth, resource depletion, and pollution. The Circular Economy (CE) provides a greener alternative to the traditional model, facilitating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, blindly pursuing circularity may undermine long-term sustainability. Compared to advanced economies, the CE remains sparsely implemented in emerging economies. There is still controversy surrounding the relationship between urban CE and sustainability. This study analysed the CE principles adopted in developing countries, aiming to monitor and assess the consistency between urban circularity and the SDGs. The findings suggest that the number of CE principles mentioned in definitions has increased over time. Environmental indicators closely align with various SDGs, while economic indicators are linked to SDGs 8 and 9, and social indicators to SDGs 2 and 3. Furthermore, the study notes that digital technologies have great potential to improve efficiency and advocates a multi-dimensional approach. The novelty of the research lies in deepening the insight of urban circularity, identifying linkages between indicators and SDGs in emerging economies, and spotlighting the key role of digital technologies.

In International Chinese Language Education, the teaching of Chinese culture and characters holds significant importance. This study focuses on the 32 insect-related characters denoting agricultural and forestry pests presented in the Chong Radical of Shuowen Jiezi, exploring the ecological culture of early China reflected in these characters and offering interpretations. The objective is to examine their pedagogical value for cultural instruction and character teaching in International Chinese Language Education. The findings reveal that grain pests and tree pests were prevalent in early China. The imbalance between cereal and arboreal ecosystems, resulting from the development of agriculture, led to significant pest problems. By contrast, pests affecting bamboo were rare, primarily due to the stability of the bamboo ecosystem. In early China, locust plagues were predominantly associated with grain locust plagues, triggered by the East Asian migratory locust, while bamboo-related locust plagues, caused by the yellow-spined bamboo locust were almost absent, a phenomenon closely related to the prevailing ecological conditions of that era. Despite the presence of the system of environmental protection in early China, the system was barely effective in regulating cereal and arboreal ecosystems, while providing some degree of protection for bamboo ecosystem. Moreover, the stability of the ecosystem and the environmental protection system exerted a bidirectional influence on each other. The characters for agricultural and forestry pests in the Chong Radical not only document ecological changes in early China, but also offer textual evidence for the transmission of and reflection on ecological culture. The findings of this study enrich the content base for cultural and character instruction, thereby providing valuable support for the development of teaching resources and the enhancement of teaching practice.

Hong Kong and Macau, as Special Administrative Regions of China, play a significant role in the country’s development. In recent years, with national support, both regions are expected to actively integrate into national development, promote international exchanges, and serve as a bridgehead for the country’s dual opening-up strategy. Macau is committed to becoming a “World Tourism and Leisure Center” and a “China-Portuguese-speaking Trade Cooperation Service Platform” working alongside Hong Kong to form a vital force for international cooperation. Hong Kong and Macau possess significant advantages in terms of openness and internationalization, having accumulated rich experience in market economic development. Compared to the mainland, their experience in market rules and capital operations is more mature, enabling them to effectively address issues faced in the mainland’s marketization process, such as real estate cycles and market regulation. Additionally, there is unique potential for innovation in branding and standards. Although China has quality products like grape wines and tea, it lacks internationally recognized brands. This necessitates innovation in marketing and brand development to enhance the competitiveness of Chinese products in the global market. Moreover, Hong Kong and Macau have demonstrated innovative potential in establishing a modern trade platform for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). As an international trade center, Hong Kong can leverage its rule of law and credibility to create an independent and professional TCM trading platform that promotes transaction transparency and ensures product quality. In terms of social and cultural exchanges, both regions have also played an important role, as highlighted by President Xi Jinping regarding their unique contributions to cultural exchange and fostering mutual understanding. In summary, the innovation of Hong Kong and Macau extends beyond the economic realm to encompass social, educational, and international cooperation. By strengthening collaboration along the industrial chain, both regions can better leverage their advantages to assist national high-quality development and play an indispensable role in the Greater Bay Area’s growth.

Based on prospect theory and service recovery theory, this study investigates the impact mechanism of service recovery on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention within the context of Macau gaming tourism. Key variables such as tolerance, loss aversion, and sensation-seeking personality trait are incorporated into the research framework. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 470 tourists who participated in gaming activities, and the data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that service recovery (including procedural justice and interactional justice) significantly enhances tourist satisfaction. Both tolerance and loss aversion exert significant positive effects on satisfaction, which in turn positively predicts revisit intention. Furthermore, the sensation-seeking personality trait strengthens the relationship between satisfaction and revisit intention. The findings provide theoretical support and practical implications for designing service recovery strategies in gaming tourism, highlighting the importance of differentiated management considering tourists’ psychological traits and financial loss contexts.

From ancient Rome to modern times, Cicero’s natural law philosophy has profoundly influenced global legal development and philosophical thought through its core concepts: “goodness” and “responsibility”, “reason” and “truth”, “justice” and “patriotism”. The pursuit of goodness naturally fosters a sense of responsibility, the quest for truth calls for rationality, and upholding justice requires courage and patriotic spirit. This article examines the theoretical and practical significance of Cicero’s natural law philosophy for China’s judicial practice, legal development, and social governance by integrating contemporary Chinese social realities. Its ideas of goodness, equality, and patriotism offer valuable insights for cultivating civic virtues in the new era.

The year 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Brazil. As major developing countries and key emerging markets, the two nations have achieved fruitful outcomes through pragmatic cooperation. With President Xi Jinping’s successful state visit to Brazil in November 2024, China-Brazil relations have entered the next “Golden 50 Years”. Against this backdrop, this study focuses on China-Brazil educational cooperation and exchange, as well as the development of Confucius Institutes. Field research was conducted in Brazil, and relevant data were collected through questionnaire surveys and participant/workplace-based observation. Through analysis and review, the study provides an overall picture of the development status and future trends of China-Brazil higher education cooperation and exchange facilitated by Confucius Institutes. Additionally, selected individual case studies are examined in detail, showcasing replicable practices and strategic pathways for future development.

The Hong Kong cultural periodical Pangu was published from March 1967 to July 1978. Amid the leftist cultural fervor of the 1970s, Pangu centered its intellectual discourse on “anti-independence” and “return”, embodying the idealist passion of the overseas Baodiao (Defend Diaoyu Islands Movement) generation. Firmly rooted in Chinese cultural essentialism, the periodical resisted the Westernizing tendencies of modernist trends in Taiwan and Hong Kong while critically reflecting on the ideological biases of the New Asia spirit. Poetically, Pangu emphasized the application of expressive and pragmatic theories in Chinese New Poetry criticism; historically, it rediscovered and carried forward the cultural legacy of early modernist poets such as He Qifang and Bian Zhilin, as well as the Nine Leaves School. Amid the trend of “Fang Ren Guan Zheng” (global vision; national identity; social concern; rights advocacy), Pangu’s fellows demonstrated a youthful commitment to critiquing capitalism and serving marginalized communities. These literary and social movements collectively functioned as an intellectually independent historical intermediary, supplementing and enriching the mainstream currents of 1970s Chinese culture.

In the context of globalization, the religious linguistic practices of diaspora communities have become a crucial site for the negotiation of power relations and identity. This study combines Margaret Berry’s Exchange Structure model within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) with Foucault’s microphysics of power to analyze how the preacher and interpreter dynamically negotiate power relations through linguistic strategies in bilingual sermons of Putian dialect and Mandarin at Hinghwa Methodist Church in Singapore. The findings reveal that religious authority is not statically bestowed but is constructed moment-by-moment through the control of turn allocation, the configuration of moves, and the negotiation of knowledge-power mechanisms. The preacher predominantly occupied the “primary-knower” (k1) position, controlling propositional agendas and doctrinal exegesis. By deploying micro-power techniques such as hierarchical observation and examination, the preacher regulated discursive power while simultaneously negotiating both institutional religious authority and personal authority. The interpreter covertly participated in power negotiation through the realization of semantic adjustments and shifts in agency and recipiency. Enacting as “secondary knowers” (k2), the interpreter reconfigures religious logics and reinforces collective identity. Our findings demonstrate that religious discourse is not merely a medium for expressing faith but a critical arena for the operation of micro-power and the construction of identity. This study provides an alternative theoretical lens for understanding language-power interactions and identity construction within Chinese diaspora communities, offering implications on the sustainability of overseas Chinese dialect preservation.

Breach of contract insurance in overseas investment insurance is a type of political risk insurance that guarantees against the breach of contract risk by the host country. Its scope of coverage is relevant to both safeguarding China’s overseas interests and improving the political risk insurance system. However, there is no unified international standard regarding its coverage, and further clarification is needed in this regard. Although China has introduced breach of contract insurance, its triggering conditions are strict. Insurance claims depend on the favorable judgment obtained by investors, yet fails to cover scenarios where investors have no means of seeking compensation or where judicial injustice occurs, thereby limiting the insurance protection function of the insurance. To address this, Sinosure should incorporate denial of justice into its political risk insurance framework. Specifically, denial of justice should be clearly defined as a core triggering condition within the existing breach of contract insurance structure. This would help improve China’s political risk insurance system and strengthen risk protection for investments under the “Belt and Road” Initiative.

This study investigates the comparative pedagogical applications of ERNIE Bot 4.0 and ChatGPT-4.0 in international Chinese letter-writing instruction. Based on a classroom recording of A Letter to a Friend (November 2024), the analysis identifies distinct instructional paradigms: ERNIE Bot 4.0 is characterized by “affective scaffolding,” emphasizing emotional resonance, meticulous formatting guidance, and careful analysis of stylistic analysis. In contrast, ChatGPT-4.0 prioritizes “inquiry-based learning,” fostering learner autonomy through interactive questioning, although it exhibits less granularity in emotional engagement and formal conventions. Furthermore, the paper proposes two AI-driven instructional models: Situational Simulation and Skill Decomposition. By leveraging AI’s capacity for real-time feedback and personalized instruction, these models address long-standing challenges such as the gap between theoretical learning and practical application. Results suggest that a hybrid integration of both AI models, complemented by multi-dimensional teaching strategies, significantly optimizes instructional outcomes in Chinese L2 writing.

This study examines the influence of online reviews on young consumers’ purchase intentions in the context of food delivery platforms, using Meituan as a representative case to investigate the effects of three key factors-review quantity, review length, and emotional valence-as well as their interaction effects. A 2×2×2 between-subjects experimental design was employed, with university students as the primary sample. Through a simulated food-ordering scenario conducted before lunchtime, the study analyzed how different review conditions affected purchase intention. The findings indicate that, first, a greater number of reviews significantly enhances young consumers’ purchase intentions. Second, longer reviews are more likely to increase consumers’ trust and willingness to purchase. Third, when considered independently, positive reviews exert a more significant effect on purchase intention, whereas negative reviews do not show a stable direct effect. However, at the level of interaction effects, negative reviews demonstrate stronger influence under specific conditions. In particular, when review quantity is high and review content is lengthy, negative reviews are more likely to attract young consumers’ attention, shape their risk perceptions, and alter their decision-making. Accordingly, the study argues that online reviews on food delivery platforms function not only as mechanisms of information transmission, but also as important bases through which young consumers construct trust and reduce uncertainty in the platform economy. The findings further suggest that the effects of review-related variables are not simply linear, but instead exhibit significant interaction patterns. This study provides empirical implications for review management by food delivery merchants, the design of platform reputation systems, and research on youth consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the study is limited by its focus on a single product category, a relatively restricted sample structure, and the exclusion of image-based reviews. Future research may extend the analysis to different product categories, more diverse youth populations, and multimodal review contexts in order to improve external validity and explanatory power.

Macao’s signboards are a living mirror of the city’s cultural heritage, presenting the context of Macao’s urban culture in their unique form of existence. These signboards are not only part of the urban landscape but also unique cultural narrators of Macao. As part of the urban locality, signboards, together with the surrounding buildings, create an exclusive urban experience in Macao. This study focuses on signboards. Through investigations, records, and analyses of multiple streets in Macao, it delves deeply into the narrative functions that signboards play in urban space from three perspectives: image, symbol, and event. Especially in urban observation, it examines the subtle details of urban culture from a “local” perspective and analyzes people’s memories and experiences in a “narrative” way, and thoroughly explores the intricate relationship between signboards as a medium and urban spatial narrative. Meanwhile, these three perspectives provide some preliminary thoughts and inspirations for the practice of urban space design and public sign design.

Based on Professor Zhu Yongxin’s personal practice and educational thinking, this paper comprehensively expounds the development context, core logic and practical value of the New Education Initiative (NEI). Inspired by the idea that “theory can only be valuable if it changes life”, the author put forward the core concept of New Education in 2000 and officially launched NEI in 2002. It aims to solve the problems of exam-oriented education and fulfill the mission of “helping teachers and students live a happy and fulfilling educational life”. Instead of rebuilding the curriculum system, NEI is rooted in the national curriculum standards, promotes the implementation of holistic education through ten actions and five core propositions, advances educational equity with systematic reading, and supports the characteristic development of urban and rural schools. Taking teacher development as the core focus, NEI has cultivated a large number of outstanding teachers through the “professional identity + professional development” model and the “three-professional theory”, covering more than 230 county-level experimental zones, over 11,000 experimental schools and tens of millions of teachers and students, with 60% of participants from rural areas. NEI has built a reform path of “public welfare guidance and multi-party collaboration”, gathered social forces relying on foundations and research platforms, and deepened home-school-community collaborative education. In response to the wave of artificial intelligence, NEI upholds the principle of technology for good, explores human-machine collaborative educational models, and promotes the transformation of education from “teaching-centered” to “learning-centered”, and constructs an intelligent education application system. NEI always takes “being a builder of China’s education” as its orientation, replaces criticism with action, implements the national education policy based on the reality of China’s education, adheres to the essence of fostering morality and cultivating people, and provides implementable, scalable practical models and value orientations for the reform of basic education in China.

The telling and reading of fictional narratives constitute a fundamental and ubiquitous phenomenon in human culture; fiction represents one of humanity’s earliest and most significant narrative forms. Human beings not only recount and engage with fictional stories but also reflect upon their content and modes of narration. Scholars such as David K. Lewis, Lubomír Doležel, Marie-Laure Ryan, Thomas G. Pavel, Umberto Eco, Hans Vaihinger, John R. Searle, Richard Walsh, Dorrit Cohn, Kendall L. Walton, and Amie L. Thomasson have analyzed and theorized fictionality from the perspectives of semantics, ontology, epistemology, and reader-response theory, introducing concepts such as possible-worlds semantics, the “as if” virtual structure, the make-believe framework, and Fictionalism. Fictionality constitutes a higher-order manifestation of human imagination, a transcendence of the actual spatiotemporal continuum that functions as a “non-real” mirror image. In essence, it is a bracketed structure-parenthesized, as it were-rather than an equivalent of the real world. With regard to fictional worlds, a distinction between fictionality (Fiktionalität) and the fictive (Fiktivität) proves analytically fruitful.

The cultivation of language and language-related issues concerning future talents in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area requires urgent attention. It is essential to emphasize children’s language development in the region, particularly proficiency in the national common language, so as to lay a solid foundation for cultivating high-level interdisciplinary talents with both professional expertise and language competence. Based on the PPCT model of ecological systems theory, this study focuses on preschool children aged 3-6. A total of 1,665 questionnaires on parental beliefs and home literacy environment were collected from cities with different economic development levels across the Greater Bay Area. A random sample of 1,546 preschool children was drawn from ten kindergartens. Using PPVT and EVT vocabulary assessments, this study investigates the children’s development of receptive and expressive vocabulary semantics, as well as the acquisition patterns and relative difficulty across different word classes. The findings indicate that parental reading beliefs play a mediating role between family socioeconomic status and children’s vocabulary semantic development. The results suggest that parents should increase children’s exposure to adjectives and written vocabulary while cultivating children’s listening skills to promote the development of receptive and social cognitive vocabulary semantics. To systematically enhance and balance the quality of vocabulary learning and education for preschool children across Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao, based on empirical analysis of regional language environments and vocabulary acquisition pathways, this study proposes the following recommendations: establishing a phased and differentiated Mandarin input mechanism; developing multidimensional vocabulary teaching resources integrating corpora from the three regions; strengthening teachers’ multilingual competence and code-switching skills; and building a collaborative multidimensional language support network involving families, schools, and communities.

The integration of culture and tourism has become a significant trend in tourism development. Ancient poetry, as an important component of Chinese culture, enriches tourism experiences with profound cultural connotations and provides destinations with distinctive cultural resources. Against the backdrop of “Traveling Through Ancient Poetry,” this study conceptually examines the relationships among multi-sensory experience, perceived experienscape, poetic spirit, and place attachment. Based on embodied cognition theory, it proposes three propositions to explain how tourists form place attachment and evoke poetic spirit through multi-sensory experience and perceived experienscape. Specifically, multi-sensory stimuli collectively shape tourists’ perceived experienscape, thereby deepening their cognitive understanding of and emotional connection with the destination. “Traveling Through Ancient Poetry” not only involves integrating poetry into tourism but also aims to enable tourists to gain a deeper appreciation of poetic cultural meanings during their travel experiences, thereby achieving a more profound meaning of travel. In practice, destinations can develop immersive tourism experiences incorporating ancient poetry to enrich tourists’ multi-sensory experiences and evoke their poetic spirit.

This article discusses the classification of Chinese language teaching, aiming to clarify its typology and real-world categorization, thereby avoiding conceptual confusion and providing guidance for teaching practice. It offers a detailed critique of two papers on this topic by Li Yueming and Guo Xi. The article argues that classification criteria should be based on the relationship between the target language and the learner, as well as the language teaching environment, including native vs. non-native, target vs. non-target, and monolingual vs. bilingual vs. trilingual environments, rather than on cultural attributes or identity functions associated with the target language. The classification standards in the two articles are inappropriate, leading to undefinable types, improper grouping and ordering, or even categories lacking real-world correspondence (e.g., “East Asian second language teaching” and “Chinese language teaching for overseas Chinese”). The reasons for these problems include: (1) failure to adhere to a single classification criterion; (2) insufficient hierarchical division when multiple criteria are used; (3) misuse of concepts such as “second language vs. mother tongue,” “second language teaching,” and “language acquisition order”; (4) mischaracterization of overseas Chinese language teaching as “heritage language teaching”; (5) the inappropriate renaming of international “Hanyu” teaching as international “Zhongwen” teaching. The article also briefly reviews Liu Xun’s views on teaching Chinese as a second language, arguing that Minzu Chinese teaching should not be regarded as second language teaching in terms of teaching types. On this basis, the article updates the author’s 2018 classification of international Chinese language teaching, reclassifying Chinese language teaching into two major categories, National Chinese Language Teaching and International Chinese Language Teaching, and five branches: (1) Yuwen teaching (Chinese as a native language), (2) Minzu Chinese teaching (Chinese teaching for ethnic minorities in China), (3) Teaching Chinese as a Second Language (TCSL), (4) Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL), and (5) Huawen teaching (Teaching Chinese to overseas Chinese, TCOC). The article also points out that specific exceptions exist within each branch.

This paper examines how brushwork interacts with sound effect as a medium in immersive digital ink installations, shaping viewers’ perceptual experience through visual presentation and fostering cross-cultural perception. Such installations are built upon artists’ original ink-on-paper works, edited into dynamic generative digital ink art video that retains traditional ink diffusion effect and textures, displaying interrupted, layered, and dynamically diffusing effects. Immersed in these environments, viewers engage with changes of ink shading, brush gesture and momentum or energy, and spatial arrangements evoking traditional Chinese painting composition involving a kind of liubai or blank space/ void space, while sound effect guides emotional resonance and forms a personal “reading” experience-extending viewing from visual appreciation into multisensory engagement. Drawing on McLuhan’s “the medium is the message,” this paper argues that the form of immersive digital ink installation-projection, mirrors, and music-reshapes viewers’ perceptual modes more profoundly than the content itself. The abstract style of digital ink carries forward the spirit of traditional literati painting’s spirit resonance and vitality, while the generous use of void space continues the Chinese painting philosophy of “mutual generation of void and solid,” opening shared perceptual pathways for audiences from diverse cultural backgrounds. This paper proposes an analytical approach for examining immersive digital ink installation viewing mechanisms, taking Leong Lampo’s Icy·Fire as a case study, drawing on audiovisual relationships, inter-mediality theory, and immersive audience theory to analyze how immersive experience adds value to traditional ink paintings. The work begins with hand-painted ink paintings on paper, which are then digitized through ultra-high-definition scanning, enhancing and amplifying the details of the ink on paper texture. Dynamic images are generated using software and combined with sound effects. The work responds to climate issues through the imagery of Icy and fire and offering rich examples for analyzing the interplay between abstract brushwork, sound effect, and cross-cultural experience mechanism of digital ink installation. Compared to immersive digital ink installation that rely solely on AI generation or multi-person collaboration, this case is more representative and offers high research value, especially for examining the viewing mechanisms and the fostering of cross-cultural perception in digital ink within the contemporary global context.